Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:617–27.
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:593–602.
Lamers F, Swendsen J, Cui L, Husky M, Johns J, Zipunnikov V, et al. Mood reactivity and affective dynamics in mood and anxiety disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 2018;127:659–69.
Mennin DS, Holaway RM, Fresco DM, Moore MT, Heimberg RG. Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behav Ther. 2007;38:284–302.
McTeague LM, Rosenberg BM, Lopez JW, Carreon DM, Huemer J, Jiang Y, et al. Identification of common neural circuit disruptions in emotional processing across psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177:411–21.
Costafreda SG, Brammer MJ, David AS, Fu CH. Predictors of amygdala activation during the processing of emotional stimuli: a meta-analysis of 385 PET and fMRI studies. Brain Res Rev. 2008;58:57–70.
Davis M, Whalen PJ. The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Mol Psychiatry. 2001;6:13–34.
Akiyama T, Kato M, Muramatsu T, Umeda S, Saito F, Kashima H. Unilateral amygdala lesions hamper attentional orienting triggered by gaze direction. Cereb Cortex. 2007;17:2593–2600.
Lutas A, Kucukdereli H, Alturkistani O, Carty C, Sugden AU, Fernando K, et al. State-specific gating of salient cues by midbrain dopaminergic input to basal amygdala. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:1820–33.
Zheng J, Anderson KL, Leal SL, Shestyuk A, Gulsen G, Mnatsakanyan L, et al. Amygdala-hippocampal dynamics during salient information processing. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14413.
Kim J, Pignatelli M, Xu S, Itohara S, Tonegawa S. Antagonistic negative and positive neurons of the basolateral amygdala. Nat Neurosci. 2016;19:1636–46.
Zhang X, Guan W, Yang T, Furlan A, Xiao X, Yu K, et al. Genetically identified amygdala–striatal circuits for valence-specific behaviors. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24:1586–1600.
Inman CS, Hollearn MK, Augustin L, Campbell JM, Olson KL, Wahlstrom KL. Discovering how the amygdala shapes human behavior: from lesion studies to neuromodulation. Neuron. 2023;111:3906–10.
Insel TR. The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project: precision medicine for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:395–7.
National Institute of Mental Health. Negative Valence Systems. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/rdoc/constructs/negative-valence-systems. Accessed March 31st, 2024.
Nord CL, Barrett LF, Lindquist KA, Ma Y, Marwood L, Satpute AB, et al. Neural effects of antidepressant medication and psychological treatments: a quantitative synthesis across three meta-analyses. Br J Psychiatry. 2021;219:546–50.
Felmingham K, Kemp A, Williams L, Das P, Hughes G, Peduto A, et al. Changes in anterior cingulate and amygdala after cognitive behavior therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Sci. 2007;18:127–9.
Shou H, Yang Z, Satterthwaite TD, Cook PA, Bruce SE, Shinohara RT, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy increases amygdala connectivity with the cognitive control network in both MDD and PTSD. Neuroimage Clin. 2017;14:464–70.
Fonzo GA, Goodkind MS, Oathes DJ, Zaiko YV, Harvey M, Peng KK, et al. Amygdala and insula connectivity changes following psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;89:857–67.
Beutel ME, Stark R, Pan H, Silbersweig D, Dietrich S. Changes of brain activation pre- post short-term psychodynamic inpatient psychotherapy: an fMRI study of panic disorder patients. Psychiatry Res. 2010;184:96–104.
Aupperle RL, Allard CB, Simmons AN, Flagan T, Thorp SR, Norman SB, et al. Neural responses during emotional processing before and after cognitive trauma therapy for battered women. Psychiatry Res. 2013;214:48–55.
Fonzo GA, Ramsawh HJ, Flagan TM, Sullivan SG, Simmons AN, Paulus MP, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder is associated with attenuation of limbic activation to threat-related facial emotions. J Affect Disord. 2014;169:76–85.
Straub J, Plener PL, Sproeber N, Sprenger L, Koelch MG, Groen G, et al. Neural correlates of successful psychotherapy of depression in adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2015;183:239–46.
Yuan M, Zhu H, Qiu C, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Shang J, et al. Group cognitive behavioral therapy modulates the resting-state functional connectivity of amygdala-related network in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:198.
George MS, Post RM. Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for acute treatment of medication-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:356–64.
Roth Y, Amir A, Levkovitz Y, Zangen A. Three-dimensional distribution of the electric field induced in the brain by transcranial magnetic stimulation using figure-8 and deep H-coils. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;24:31–38.
Tik M, Woletz M, Schuler A, Vasileiadi M, Cash RFH, Zalesky A, et al. Acute TMS/fMRI response explains offline TMS network effects – an interleaved TMS-fMRI study. Neuroimage. 2022;267:119833.
Sydnor VJ, Cieslak M, Duprat R, Deluisi J, Flounders MW, Long H, et al. Cortical-subcortical structural connections support transcranial magnetic stimulation engagement of the amygdala. Sci Adv. 2022;8:eabn5803.
Eshel N, Keller CJ, Wu W, Jiang J, Mills-Finnerty C, Huemer J, et al. Global connectivity and local excitability changes underlie antidepressant effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45:1018–25.
Blackmore DG, Razansky D, Gotz J. Ultrasound as a versatile tool for short- and long-term improvement and monitoring of brain function. Neuron. 2023;111:1174–90.
Philip NS, Arulpragasam AR. Reaching for the unreachable: low intensity focused ultrasound for non-invasive deep brain stimulation. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2023;48:251–2.
Rabut C, Yoo S, Hurt RC, Jin Z, Li H, Guo H, et al. Ultrasound technologies for imaging and modulating neural activity. Neuron. 2020;108:93–110.
Baek H, Pahk KJ, Kim H. A review of low-intensity focused ultrasound for neuromodulation. Biomed Eng Lett. 2017;7:135–42.
Bystritsky A, Korb AS. A review of low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound for clinical applications. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2015;2:60–66.
Cain JA, Visagan S, Johnson MA, Crone J, Blades R, Spivak NM, et al. Real time and delayed effects of subcortical low intensity focused ultrasound. Sci Rep. 2021;11:6100.
Chou T, Kochanowski BJ, Hayden A, Borron BM, Barbeiro MC, Xu J, et al. A low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound parameter exploration study of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum. Neuromodulation. 2024;28:146–54.
Peng X, Connolly DJ, Sutton F, Robinson J, Baker-Vogel B, Short EB, et al. Non-invasive suppression of the human nucleus accumbens (NAc) with transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) modulates the reward network: a pilot study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2024;18:1359396.
Chou T, Deckersbach T, Guerin B, Sretavan Wong K, Borron BM, Kanabar A, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound of the amygdala modulates fear network activation and connectivity. Brain Stimul. 2024;17:312–20.
Kuhn T, Spivak NM, Dang BH, Becerra S, Halavi SE, Rotstein N, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound selectively increases perfusion and modulates functional connectivity of deep brain regions in humans. Front Neural Circuits. 2023;17:1120410.
Legon W, Sato TF, Opitz A, Mueller J, Barbour A, Williams A, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates the activity of primary somatosensory cortex in humans. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17:322–9.
Lee W, Kim H, Jung Y, Song IU, Chung YA, Yoo SS. Image-guided transcranial focused ultrasound stimulates human primary somatosensory cortex. Sci Rep. 2015;5:8743.
Lee W, Chung YA, Jung Y, Song IU, Yoo SS. Simultaneous acoustic stimulation of human primary and secondary somatosensory cortices using transcranial focused ultrasound. BMC Neurosci. 2016;17:68.
Lee W, Kim HC, Jung Y, Chung YA, Song IU, Lee JH, et al. Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation of human primary visual cortex. Sci Rep. 2016;6:34026.
Verhagen L, Gallea C, Folloni D, Constans C, Jensen DEA, Ahnine H, et al. Offline impact of transcranial focused ultrasound on cortical activation in primates. eLife. 2019;8:e40541.
Folloni D, Verhagen L, Mars RB, Fouragnan E, Constans C, Aubry JF, et al. Manipulation of subcortical and deep cortical activity in the primate brain using transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation. Neuron. 2019;101:1109–1116.e5.
Zeng K, Darmani G, Fomenko A, Xia X, Tran S, Nankoo J-F, et al. Induction of human motor cortex plasticity by theta burst transcranial ultrasound stimulation. Ann Neurol. 2022;91:238–52.
Zhao Z, Ji H, Zhang C, Pei J, Zhang X, Yuan Y. Modulation effects of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation on the neuronal firing activity and synaptic plasticity of mice. Neuroimage. 2023;270:119952.
Lukas M, Samuel P, Daniel S, Bryce DG, Gabrielle E, Sumasri K, et al. Transcranial low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) stimulation of the visual thalamus produces long-term depression of thalamocortical synapses in the adult visual cortex. J Neurosci. 2024;44:e0784232024.
Pasquinelli C, Hanson LG, Siebner HR, Lee HJ, Thielscher A. Safety of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation: a systematic review of the state of knowledge from both human and animal studies. Brain Stimul. 2019;12:1367–80.
Legon W, Adams S, Bansal P, Patel PD, Hobbs L, Ai L, et al. A retrospective qualitative report of symptoms and safety from transcranial focused ultrasound for neuromodulation in humans. Sci Rep. 2020;10:5573.
Sarica C, Nankoo JF, Fomenko A, Grippe TC, Yamamoto K, Samuel N, et al. Human studies of transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation: a systematic review of effectiveness and safety. Brain Stimul. 2022;15:737–46.
Reznik SJ, Sanguinetti JL, Tyler WJ, Daft C, Allen JJB. A double-blind pilot study of transcranial ultrasound (TUS) as a five-day intervention: TUS mitigates worry among depressed participants. Neurol, Psychiatry Brain Res. 2020;37:60–66.
Mahoney JJ, Haut MW, Carpenter J, Ranjan M, Thompson-Lake DGY, Marton JL, et al. Low-intensity focused ultrasound targeting the nucleus accumbens as a potential treatment for substance use disorder: safety and feasibility clinical trial. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1211566.
Riis TS, Feldman DA, Kwon SS, Vonesh LC, Koppelmans V, Brown JR, et al. Noninvasive modulation of subcallosal cingulate and depression with focused ultrasonic waves. Biol Psychiatry. 2024;97:825–34.
Mahdavi KD, Jordan SE, Jordan KG, Rindner ES, Haroon JM, Habelhah B, et al. A pilot study of low-intensity focused ultrasound for treatment-resistant generalized anxiety disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;168:125–32.
He L, Wu DF, Zhang JH, Zheng S, Li Y, He W. Factors affecting transtemporal window quality in transcranial sonography. Brain Behav. 2022;12:e2543.
Schafer ME, Spivak NM, Korb AS, Bystritsky A Design, development and operation of a Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound Pulsation (LIFUP) system for clinical use. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 2021;68:54–64.
Wardenaar KJ, van Veen T, Giltay EJ, de Beurs E, Penninx BW, Zitman FG. Development and validation of a 30-item short adaptation of the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ). Psychiatry Res. 2010;179:101–6.
Schulte-van Maaren YW, Carlier IV, Zitman FG, van Hemert AM, de Waal MW, van Noorden MS, et al. Reference values for generic instruments used in routine outcome monitoring: the Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:203.
First MB, Williams JBW, Karg RS, Spitzer RL. Structured clinical interiew for DSM-5: research version. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2015.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606–13.
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092–7.
Wechsler D. Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence second edition. Bloomington, MN: Pearson Clinical Assessment; 2011.
Fonzo GA, Ramsawh HJ, Flagan TM, Sullivan SG, Letamendi A, Simmons AN, et al. Common and disorder-specific neural responses to emotional faces in generalised anxiety, social anxiety and panic disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206:206–15.
Tottenham N, Tanaka JW, Leon AC, McCarry T, Nurse M, Hare TA, et al. The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Res. 2009;168:242–9.
Peirce J, Gray JR, Simpson S, MacAskill M, Höchenberger R, Sogo H, et al. PsychoPy2: experiments in behavior made easy. Behav Res Methods. 2019;51:195–203.
Yoo SS, Bystritsky A, Lee JH, Zhang Y, Fischer K, Min BK, et al. Focused ultrasound modulates region-specific brain activity. Neuroimage. 2011;56:1267–75.
Watson D, Clark LA, Weber K, Assenheimer JS, Strauss ME, McCormick RA. Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples. J Abnorm Psychol. 1995;104:15–25.
Watson D. Differentiating the mood and anxiety disorders: a quadripartite model. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2009;5:221–47.
Byllesby BM, Charak R, Durham TA, Wang X, Elhai JD. The underlying role of negative affect in the association between PTSD, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2016;38:655–65.
Čeko M, Kragel PA, Woo C-W, López-Solà M, Wager TD. Common and stimulus-type-specific brain representations of negative affect. Nat Neurosci. 2022;25:760–70.
Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW, Beckmann CF, Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, et al. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. Neuroimage. 2004;23(Suppl 1):S208–219.
Andersson JL, Jenkinson M, Smith S Non-linear registration, a.k.a. spatial normalisation. 2010.
Andersson JL, Skare S, Ashburner J. How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: application to diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage. 2003;20:870–88.
Cox RW. AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Comput Biomed Res. 1996;29:162–73.
McLaren DG, Ries ML, Xu G, Johnson SC. A generalized form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI): a comparison to standard approaches. Neuroimage. 2012;61:1277–86.
IBM. IBM SPSS statistics for macintosh, version 28.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp; 2022.
Chen G, Saad ZS, Britton JC, Pine DS, Cox RW. Linear mixed-effects modeling approach to FMRI group analysis. Neuroimage. 2013;73:176–90.
Spisák T, Spisák Z, Zunhammer M, Bingel U, Smith S, Nichols T, et al. Probabilistic TFCE: a generalized combination of cluster size and voxel intensity to increase statistical power. Neuroimage. 2019;185:12–26.
Patenaude B, Smith SM, Kennedy DN, Jenkinson M. A bayesian model of shape and appearance for subcortical brain segmentation. Neuroimage. 2011;56:907–22.
Chen AC, Etkin A. Hippocampal network connectivity and activation differentiates post-traumatic stress disorder from generalized anxiety disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38:1889–98.
Pauli WM, Nili AN, Tyszka JM. A high-resolution probabilistic in vivo atlas of human subcortical brain nuclei. Sci Data. 2018;5:180063.
Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, et al. Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage. 2002;15:273–89.
Jacobson NS, Truax P. Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;59:12–19.
Deng G, Jiang C, Li Y-X. Clinical utility of the mood and anxiety symptom questionnaire in a chinese sample of patients with pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2012;35:193–8.
PitkÄNen A, Pikkarainen M, Nurminen N, Ylinen A. Reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the hippocampal formation, perirhinal cortex, and postrhinal cortex in rat: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;911:369–91.
Roy AK, Shehzad Z, Margulies DS, Kelly AMC, Uddin LQ, Gotimer K, et al. Functional connectivity of the human amygdala using resting state fMRI. Neuroimage. 2009;45:614–26.
Bergmann TO, Varatheeswaran R, Hanlon CA, Madsen KH, Thielscher A, Siebner HR. Concurrent TMS-fMRI for causal network perturbation and proof of target engagement. Neuroimage. 2021;237:118093.
Yao S, Kendrick KM. Reduced homotopic interhemispheric connectivity in psychiatric disorders: evidence for both transdiagnostic and disorder specific features. Psychoradiology. 2022;2:129–45.
Wang W, Peng Z, Wang X, Wang P, Li Q, Wang G, et al. Disrupted interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity and structural connectivity in first-episode, treatment-naïve generalized anxiety disorder. J Affect Disord. 2019;251:280–6.
Sun Y-W, Hu H, Wang Y, Ding W-N, Chen X, Wan J-Q, et al. Inter-hemispheric functional and anatomical connectivity abnormalities in traffic accident-induced PTSD: a study combining fMRI and DTI. J Affect Disord. 2015;188:80–88.
Duprat RJ, Linn KA, Satterthwaite TD, Sheline YI, Liang X, Bagdon G, et al. Resting fMRI-guided TMS evokes subgenual anterior cingulate response in depression. Neuroimage. 2024;305:120963.
Rossi S, Antal A, Bestmann S, Bikson M, Brewer C, Brockmöller J, et al. Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: expert guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021;132:269–306.
Amunts K, Kedo O, Kindler M, Pieperhoff P, Mohlberg H, Shah NJ, et al. Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human amygdala, hippocampal region and entorhinal cortex: intersubject variability and probability maps. Anat Embryol (Berl). 2005;210:343–52.
Amunts K, Mohlberg H, Bludau S, Zilles K. Julich-brain: a 3D probabilistic atlas of the human brain’s cytoarchitecture. Science. 2020;369:988.
Fournier JC, Keener MT, Mullin BC, Hafeman DM, Labarbara EJ, Stiffler RS, et al. Heterogeneity of amygdala response in major depressive disorder: the impact of lifetime subthreshold mania. Psychol Med. 2013;43:293–302.
Fournier JC, Keener MT, Almeida J, Kronhaus DM, Phillips ML. Amygdala and whole-brain activity to emotional faces distinguishes major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2013;15:741–52.
Monk CS, Telzer EH, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Mai X, Louro HM, et al. Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation to masked angry faces in children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:568–76.
Fonzo GA, Simmons AN, Thorp SR, Norman SB, Paulus MP, Stein MB. Exaggerated and disconnected insular-amygdalar blood oxygenation level-dependent response to threat-related emotional faces in women with intimate-partner violence posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68:433–41.
Evans KC, Wright CI, Wedig MM, Gold AL, Pollack MH, Rauch SL. A functional MRI study of amygdala responses to angry schematic faces in social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25:496–505.
Phan KL, Fitzgerald DA, Nathan PJ, Tancer ME. Association between amygdala hyperactivity to harsh faces and severity of social anxiety in generalized social phobia. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:424–9.
Stein MB, Goldin PR, Sareen J, Zorrilla LTE, Brown GG. Increased amygdala activation to angry and contemptuous faces in generalized social phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:1027–34.
Sergerie K, Chochol C, Armony JL. The role of the amygdala in emotional processing: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32:811–30.
Hershenberg R, McDonald WM, Crowell A, Riva-Posse P, Craighead WE, Mayberg HS, et al. Concordance between clinician-rated and patient reported outcome measures of depressive symptoms in treatment resistant depression. J Affect Disord. 2020;266:22–29.
Baandrup L, Rasmussen JØ, Mainz J, Videbech P, Kristensen S. Patient-reported outcome measures in mental health clinical research: a descriptive review in comparison with clinician-rated outcome measures. Int J Qual Health Care. 2022;34(Supplement_1):ii70–ii97.
Pichardo S. BabelBrain: an open-source application for prospective modeling of transcranial focused ultrasound for neuromodulation applications. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2023;70:587–99.