研究：美国一半以上的癌症死亡是生活方式选择的结果

研究：美国一半以上的癌症死亡是生活方式选择的结果
More Than Half Of Cancer Deaths In US A Result Of Lifestyle Choices: Study

原始链接: https://www.zerohedge.com/political/more-half-cancer-deaths-us-result-lifestyle-choices-study

美国癌症协会最近发布的一项研究显示，在美国 30 岁以上成年人中，每 10 例癌症诊断中约有 4 例以及所有癌症死亡中的一半与可改变的生活方式风险有关，例如吸烟、肥胖、过量饮酒、不良饮食、缺乏锻炼、日晒和某些感染。吸烟仍然是罪魁祸首，约占癌症总数的 20% 和癌症死亡人数的近 30%，影响了 56% 的男性和 40% 的女性可避免的癌症病例。为了解决这个问题，研究人员建议在全国范围内加强烟草监管，同时在治疗可能更有效时增加早期肺癌检测的筛查。体重过重被认为是继吸烟之后的第二大可控因素，约占可预防癌症病例的 7.6%；紧随其后的是饮酒（5.4%）、阳光照射（4.6%）和缺乏运动（3.1%）。研究人员强调，由于肥胖与各种形式的癌症之间的联系日益密切，特别是在年轻人中，采取促进健康饮食和体重的干预措施将显着降低癌症发病率。虽然一些癌症（如宫颈癌和卡波西肉瘤）完全与可改变的风险因素相关，但其他癌症（如卵巢癌）与这些风险因素的关联率为 4.9%。总体而言，生活方式因素占 19 种不同癌症病例的 50% 以上，其中包括 92.2% 的黑色素瘤、94.2% 的肛门癌和 88.2% 的肺癌病例。改善预防性医疗服务的公平获取并教育人们如何最大限度地降低癌症风险至关重要。对于分别导致肝癌和多种癌症的乙型肝炎和 HPV 病毒，存在有效的疫苗接种，但它们在美国的使用率仍然很低。

原文

Authored by Amie Dahnke via The Epoch Times (emphasis ours),

A new study by the American Cancer Society reveals that four in 10 cancer cases and about one-half of all cancer deaths in adults age 30 and older in the United States are attributed to lifestyle choices, or modifiable risk factors.

These risk factors are considered things a person can typically control and include smoking, excess body weight, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and certain carcinogenic infections, according to the study published in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.

Smoking Is the No. 1 Modifiable Risk Factor

Cigarette smoking topped the charts as the leading risk factor, contributing to nearly 20 percent of all cancer cases and close to 30 percent of cancer deaths. Smoking comprised 56 percent of potentially preventable cancers in men and almost 40 percent of those in women.

“Despite considerable declines in smoking prevalence during the past few decades, the number of lung cancer deaths attributable to cigarette smoking in the United States is alarming,“ Dr. Farhad Islami, lead author of the report, said in a news release. ”This finding underscores the importance of implementing comprehensive tobacco control policies in each state to promote smoking cessation, as well as heightened efforts to increase screening for early detection of lung cancer, when treatment could be more effective.”

In the study, Dr. Islami and his team used data on cancer incidence, mortality, and risk factors to estimate the number of cancer cases and deaths that could be attributed to each potentially modifiable risk factor. They went through this process for 30 cancer types and delved into the specifics of the modifiable risk factors.

For example, while investigating how a person’s diet could contribute to cancer risk, researchers looked at the amount of red meat and processed meat, the number of fruits and vegetables, and the amount of dietary fiber and calcium they consumed.

They found that next to cigarette smoke, excess body weight was the second main modifiable risk factor, contributing to 7.6 percent of potentially preventable cancers, followed by alcohol consumption at 5.4 percent, UV radiation exposure at 4.6 percent, and physical inactivity at 3.1 percent.

“Interventions to help maintain healthy body weight and diet can also substantially reduce the number of cancer cases and deaths in the country, especially given the increasing incidence of several cancer types associated with excess body weight, particularly in younger individuals,” Dr. Islami said.

Lifestyle Factors Accounted for up to 100 Percent of Certain Cancers

The types of cancers caused by modifiable risk factors varied. Lung cancer had the most cases attributable to these risk factors in both men and women, followed by skin melanoma, and colorectal cancer. For women, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and colorectal cancer were the most attributable to modifiable risk factors. For men, urinary bladder cancer was.

Modifiable risk factors accounted for 100 percent of cases of cervical cancer and Kaposi sarcoma, a type of cancer associated with HIV. Additionally, modifiable risk factors contributed to 4.9 percent of ovarian cancer cases.

These lifestyle-based risk factors contributed to 50 percent of the cases in 19 of 30 different cancers, including:

92.2 percent of melanomas
94.2 percent of anal cancers
89.9 percent of larynx cancers
88.2 percent of lung and bronchus cancers
87.4 percent of pharynx cancers
85.6 percent of tracheal cancers
85.4 percent of esophagus cancers
83.7 percent of oral cancers

“These findings show there is a continued need to increase equitable access to preventive health care and awareness about preventive measures,” Ahmedin Jemal, a senior author of the study, said in the news release.

“Effective vaccines are available for hepatitis B virus, that causes liver cancer and HPV, which can cause several cancer types, including cervical, other anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. Vaccination at the recommended time can substantially reduce the risk of chronic infection, and consequently, cancers associated with these viruses. HPV vaccination uptake in the United State [sic] is suboptimal.”