羞耻心的消亡正在撕裂我们
The Death of Shame Is Tearing Us Apart

原始链接: https://www.newyorker.com/news/fault-lines/the-death-of-shame-is-tearing-us-apart

NBA 为打击“摆烂”(即故意输球以换取高顺位选秀权)而进行的博弈,在萨姆·辛基(Sam Hinkie)带领费城 76 人队推行“过程”(The Process)时期达到了顶峰。虽然为了战略利益而输球并非新鲜事,但辛基毫不掩饰的透明度引发了巨大的争议。对此,联盟多次改革选秀抽签制度以抑制此类行为。 作者提出了关于这一演变的两种理论。第一种观点认为,全国性体育报道和社交媒体的兴起放大了公众的愤怒,使得球队更难掩盖输球策略。按照这种看法,我们对“耻辱感”的认知是由媒体和技术的变迁所决定的,而非因为不道德行为真的有所增加。 另一种观点则认为,NBA 的反摆烂措施反映了管理层内部真正的道德滑坡,球队越来越胆大妄为,将自身利益置于比赛的公平性之上。最终,本文倾向于技术性的解读:正如社交媒体通过消除面对面交流的直接物理后果而助长了网络敌意一样,它也消除了曾经制约球队肆无忌惮地操纵制度的地域性障碍。

关于“羞耻心的消亡”(The Death of Shame),《黑客新闻》(Hacker News)上的讨论集中在:社会是在失去一种重要的自我调节机制,还是羞耻心本身已经异化。 评论者认为,羞耻心在历史上之所以有效,是因为它曾是以实际后果为支撑的“社会契约”。然而,许多人认为如今羞耻心已然消亡,或被当作了武器,主要原因有三点: 1. **缺乏后果:** 在一个贫富差距极端且充斥着匿名数字互动的社会中,权势者的不良行为往往无需付出代价,而弱势群体却可能因微小的过失而遭到“取消文化”的过度惩戒。 2. **机构失灵:** 由于过度依赖公共羞辱来达到政治或表演目的,这引发了反弹,导致人们现在对所有的社会反馈(包括对礼仪或体贴的正当要求)都置若罔闻。 3. **文化碎片化:** 随着社会变得更加多元化和个人主义,人们不再有共同的准则或“核心原则”可供执行,导致相互尊重的崩塌。 归根结底,参与者们争论的焦点在于:当传统的社会制裁手段失效时,我们是在见证社会凝聚力的丧失,还是正在经历向新的问责体系的必要过渡。
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原文

Since then, the panic about tanking has waxed and waned. If there was a high-water mark, it was between 2013 and 2015, when Sam Hinkie, a former finance and management-consulting professional, took over as the general manager of the Philadelphia 76ers and installed what came to be called the Process, a multiyear plan to lose as many games as possible. Hinkie’s idea was simple and, on its face, incontrovertibly expedient: if the point was to win a championship, the Sixers needed star players; the best way to get star players was through high draft picks; the best way to get high draft picks was to lose. As with the Rockets, three decades before, the problem wasn’t so much the losing as it was the shamelessness with which the franchise conducted itself. Tanking was understandable, even acceptable, but much of the public—albeit less of it than one might have thought—wanted the Sixers to at least pretend that they were trying. Hinkie, basically, said no. He would not pretend.

Hinkie was forced out of his job in 2016. Tanking, of course, continued. Post-Hinkie, the league experimented with variations of the lottery, but none of them could deter teams from losing on purpose. And so, this past summer, the N.B.A. announced a full revamp of the system, with a new approach that penalizes the worst teams in the league. We will see how long this remediation lasts.

If losing on purpose is a sin, the N.B.A. systematically escalated its efforts to scrub it from the game. The league did this because its leadership became more sensitive to fan and media outrage. In prior decades, sports were primarily covered locally, meaning that a particularly bad team in Cleveland which was obviously trying to lose would not necessarily catch the attention of a columnist at, say, the New York Post or the Los Angeles Times—and, in any case, those writers wouldn’t waste their column inches on the Cavaliers. During the 1996–97 season, for example, the Boston Celtics went 15–67 and effectively admitted to tanking for the right to draft Tim Duncan. (The effort was not successful.) This was a bit of a scandal at the time, but it didn’t lead the national sports news. Even now, not every mediocre team tries to lose every single game and maximize their draft odds—last year, the Sacramento Kings, who had one of the worst opening-day rosters in the league, tried to win games for much longer than reason would seem to dictate. But the media environment has changed. When all news is national and every outraged fan can post their thoughts on social media, a suspicious lineup in Utah in April can feed a daylong news cycle.

Under this interpretation of events, front offices aren’t necessarily more shameless than they were in the past; rather, shame itself is dictated by changes in the media and in technology. A competing theory might hold that, in the pre-Olajuwon era, a coin flip sufficed because the degrees of shame and basic decency were sufficient to prevent teams from doing what the Rockets did. Once the Rockets broke the shame seal and stole away with Olajuwon, the league needed to take drastic measures, because everyone would now feel emboldened to make a mockery of the game. This view suggests that the sense of shame was collectively weakened by a series of self-interested actors who shattered the social firmament and opened up the gates to chaos. The league’s anti-tanking rules are, then, responses to moral decline. Some amalgam of fan input, ticket sales, ratings, and media outrage determines what’s right and wrong, and this collective taste shifts more slowly than the behavior of front-office opportunists.

The McLuhanite in me wants to stick to the first interpretation, in which the apparent shift in shame is a matter of morality getting funnelled through a new medium. This kind of technological effect, detailed by Neil Postman in his book “Amusing Ourselves to Death,” provided the underlying premise of this column when it launched, and I still believe in its broad explanatory power. If it feels like all discourse has become unhinged and flooded with hate, full of provocations that once would have been shamed out of public life, this is probably because social media allows us the cover of anonymity and physical distance. Most people communicate digitally now, so most interactions are less mediated by shame. In person, you are much less likely to insult someone’s wife, for instance, because you would have to calculate the very real possibility that you would get punched in the face.

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