联合国称全球变暖将超过1.5摄氏度的限制
Global warming will exceed 1.5-degree limit, UN says

原始链接: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/global-warming-will-exceed-1-5-degree-limit-un-says-in-report-that-maps-path-back-below-danger-zone

联合国环境规划署最近的一份报告承认了一个严峻的现实:世界很可能在未来几年内突破《2015年巴黎协定》设定的1.5°C升温阈值。因此,全球战略必须从防止突破转向应对“升温超标”时期。 科学家警告称,地球将经历数十年的极端天气灾害频发、海平面上升、物种灭绝以及危险的气候临界点。联合国的新方针侧重于通过积极终止化石燃料的使用和发展大规模碳清除技术,来限制升温峰值并缩短超标持续的时间。 尽管官员们强调,避免哪怕一度之差的升温仍能减轻损失,但该报告起到了“现实检验”的作用。决策者现在被敦促优先考虑“应对与遏制”策略,以保护脆弱群体,同时努力在本世纪末将全球气温降回1.5°C以内。专家们对这些雄心勃勃的目标的可行性仍存在分歧,他们强调,“升温超标”虽然是我们仅存的最佳希望,但这却是一条极其艰难的前进之路。

一份联合国报告证实全球变暖将超过1.5°C的临界点,这在Hacker News上引发了关于未来路径的激烈争论。 许多用户认为目前政府和行业的努力“软弱无力”,并将游说活动和“利润动机”视为进步的主要障碍。关于解决方案的观点分歧严重: * **技术乐观主义:** 一些参与者主张清洁能源(可再生能源、电池以及可能的核能)是唯一现实的解决方案,并指出以利润为导向的技术创新已经超越了政治层面的努力。 * **生活方式与体制之争:** 关于纯素食主义或不生孩子等个人“牺牲”的问题引发了激烈辩论。批评者认为这些是转移注意力的“文化战争”,将责任推卸给个人,而非解决系统性的工业排放问题。另一些人则认为,这种生活方式的改变既不现实,也不利于获得大众支持。 * **政治犬儒主义:** 许多人表达了失望感,认为民主体制难以强制推行所需的剧烈变革。一些人认为“去增长”是不现实或独裁的,而另一些人则警告称,若无系统性的转变,环境崩溃将不可避免。 最终,评论者们仍各持己见:一方呼吁进行彻底的系统性或文化变革,另一方则认为只有激进的技术扩张才能填补这一缺口。
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原文

In a strategic retreat in the fight against climate change, the United Nations has acknowledged that Earth has lost its chance to prevent some of the worst of global warming's harms. So now the world must figure out how to get temperatures below the danger zone and back to safety, officials say.

Earth is soon going to exceed the safe temperature threshold agreed upon by the world in the 2015 Paris climate accord because of warming from the burning of coal, oil and gas, according to a bleak first-of-its-kind report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme Wednesday.

Instead of giving up, scientists and U.N. officials recommend trying to limit excessive warming and then bring the temperature back down to the agreed-upon threshold. But it still will mean decades of increased weather-related disasters, rising seas, extinctions and melting ice and glaciers.

WATCH: Study warns 1.5-degree warming limit can't prevent dangers of melting glaciers

"Humanity is speeding past the limit to avoid climate catastrophe," United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres said.

After a period of over-the-limit warming, the new strategy envisions getting back below the limit by ending fossil fuel use and developing some kind of way to suck industries' carbon dioxide out of the air.

"It's a reality check. We have to live with this warmer world," said report co-author Richard Betts, a climate scientist at the University of Exeter. "But there's still a lot we can do to limit warming."

Passing the longtime warming threshold

After the Paris climate accord, the United Nations ordered its climate science arm to study different warming limits. A goal of 1.5 Celsius (2.7 Fahrenheit) above mid-19th century temperatures became generally accepted after the scientists found dramatic impacts that affect people and the planet at 2 degrees Celsius (3.8 degrees Fahrenheit) but not at 1.5 degrees.

The world is now at 1.4 C (2.5 F) above pre-industrial levels, some scientists have calculated. The measure is based on a 20-year average, rather than a single year's temperatures.

Despite experts saying there's no way to limit warming to 1.5 degrees, U.N. officials long maintained the 1.5 window was still open. Wednesday's report finally admitted that the world will cross the 1.5 threshold "in the next few years."

The report said the most optimistic scenario has warming peaking at 1.8 C (3.2 F) around mid-century if countries pursue ambitious climate goals, but that governments' current policies should push temperatures to 2.6 C (4.7 F) above pre-industrial levels by 2100.

So instead of preventing warming of 1.5 degrees, now the U.N. said it wants policymakers to "prepare for and navigate a future'' in which the globe crosses that limit and then corrects course and cools temperatures. The report envisions that global temperatures will pass 1.5 "within the next few years," follow a hump-shaped path of more warming, peak, then gradually cool to below the 1.5 mark, ideally by the end of the century. The report and experts call it "overshoot."

"Let's be very clear, 1.5 target is still the goal. But now we need to approach it differently from above," said UNEP Executive Director Inger Andersen.

The 1.5 limit is not "some magical climate cliff" where it's just game over, said University of Victoria climate scientist Andrew Weaver, who wasn't part of the study. "Every tenth of a degree we avoid still means less damage."

Limiting how high temperatures go past threshold is key

It's most important to first limit the new peak temperature and then reduce the amount of time above 1.5 degrees, Andersen said.

But the world likely will be in that overshoot period for "many, many decades," Betts said.

Every five years of delay in reducing emissions adds at least a tenth of a degree to peak warming, said report co-author Joeri Rogelj, a climate scientist at Imperial College London.

"If we act now we can limit overshoot," the report said. "Not a safe world, but safer than remaining above" 1.5 degrees for the long term.

"This is among the bleakest U.N. climate reports I have read. It carries the unmistakable tone of desperation, frustration and urgency — but not resignation," Weaver said.

Climate scientist Bill Hare, CEO of Climate Analytics, said that "although UNEP does a good job of describing the hole we've dug ourselves into, it does a poor job of showing us that there's a way out."

Adapting to a deadlier, hungrier, thirstier world

Governments need to increase efforts to adapt to worsening warming, which hits the poor hardest, "because some impacts simply cannot be avoided," Andersen said.

The report calls this phase "coping and containment."

During this overshoot period, more people will die or get sick because of the worsening climate change and its extreme weather, the report said. Food production will drop, people will go hungry, water shortages will worsen, economies will be hurt and species like coral will go extinct, the report said.

Although the triggers behind the recent deadly Nepal flooding that came as part of a Himalayan glacier dislodging are complex, Betts said "unfortunately we do expect to see more of such things and this is exactly why we need to limit peak warming."

The report warns of "tipping points" with irreversible and cascading effects, including the loss of the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, the loss of the Amazon rain forest and the shutdown of the Atlantic Ocean circulation system that keeps much of Europe warm.

"Some locations might become more or less uninsurable or even uninhabitable," the report said.

The last phase in overshoot is cooling the planet by removing carbon dioxide from the air and storing it somewhere. The report said the traditional approach of this is planting more trees, but it says planting trees could, at most, shave a tenth of a degree off global temperatures. So the authors said more novel carbon removal approaches will be needed.

Other scientists called that unreliable and expensive.

"We were unable to stop the runaway train of global emissions to avoid 1.5 C of warming," said Stanford University climate scientist Rob Jackson, who wasn't part of the report. "Now overshoot scenarios require us to stop the train quickly and to back it up. Is it our best hope? Absolutely. Is it likely? Absolutely not."

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