The **Jensen–Shannon divergence (JSD)** is a statistical method used to measure the similarity between two or more probability distributions. Derived from the Kullback–Leibler divergence, the JSD is a symmetrized, smoothed, and finite alternative that offers a robust metric for comparison. Its square root is known as the Jensen–Shannon distance; the closer this value is to zero, the more similar the distributions are. Mathematically, the JSD is defined as the average Kullback–Leibler divergence of each distribution from their combined mixture. It is equivalent to the mutual information between a mixture of distributions and the categorical variable used to select between them. The JSD is bounded between 0 and 1 (using base 2 logarithms), providing a normalized measure of difference. Beyond classical statistics, the concept extends to quantum information theory as the **Quantum Jensen–Shannon divergence**, which measures the distinguishability between density matrices using von Neumann entropy. Due to its versatility, the JSD is widely applied across diverse fields, including bioinformatics, machine learning (notably in Generative Adversarial Networks), social sciences, and quantitative history.

Japan’s Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), in collaboration with several universities, has successfully completed a ground combustion test of a Mach-5 ramjet engine. This technology, which uses forward motion to compress air without moving parts, is a critical step toward realizing hypersonic passenger travel. The test, conducted at JAXA’s Kakuda Space Center, successfully validated the engine's performance, control surfaces, and an advanced thermal-protection system capable of withstanding temperatures exceeding 1,000°C. These breakthroughs are essential for overcoming the extreme heat challenges inherent in high-altitude, high-speed flight. While currently in the ground-validation phase, JAXA plans to test the technology via sounding rockets next. If development continues successfully, commercial hypersonic flight could become a reality by the 2040s. Such aircraft would cruise at approximately 25 kilometers in altitude, potentially reducing the flight time between Tokyo and Los Angeles from 10 hours to just two. This development could redefine global travel, effectively transforming trans-Pacific journeys into short-duration trips.

Norway’s National Library is developing a sovereign large language model (LLM) to preserve the nation’s cultural heritage, history, and language. Tasked by the Ministry of Culture, the library is leveraging its massive collection of 20 PB of digitized data, which includes books, newspapers, and broadcast content. To address the lack of specialized Norwegian-language models, the library built a high-performance AI data pipeline. This infrastructure features 2 PB of Huawei OceanStor Dorado all-flash storage to manage data cleaning, deduplication, and normalization before feeding the processed information into Norway’s national supercomputer, Sigma2 Olivia, for training. The project highlights the significant technical challenge of moving petabyte-scale data from cost-optimized preservation archives to high-throughput, low-latency AI training environments—a bottleneck the library’s team has had to solve independently. Beyond technical hurdles, the library is pioneering solutions for sovereign AI governance, custom evaluation tools for Norwegian dialects, and the complex orchestration of large-scale systems. As Marius Husnes, Head of IT Platform, noted, Norway’s effort provides a vital blueprint for non-English-speaking nations seeking to build AI that reflects their unique cultural and historical identity.

On May 25, 2026, Pope Leo XIV released the encyclical *Magnifica humanitas*, addressing the ethical implications of artificial intelligence. Invited to the Vatican, Anthropic co-founder Chris Olah spoke on the necessity of external oversight, arguing that AI labs are often hindered by commercial and geopolitical pressures. He contended that because AI systems are "grown" from human knowledge and remain inherently mysterious, they require philosophical and theological guidance rather than just technical management. Olah identified three critical areas for Church discernment: ensuring the equitable global distribution of AI benefits to protect the poor, fostering moral imagination regarding human flourishing in an automated age, and evaluating the unsettling, quasi-human internal states—such as introspection and emotional mirroring—observed in advanced models. Olah emphasized that AI development should not be left solely to computer scientists. He urged religious and civil society leaders to act as essential, uncompromised critics, fostering a necessary dialogue to ensure these technologies serve the common good. He concluded by framing the encyclical as a vital first step in a long-term collaboration between technologists and moral authorities to safeguard human dignity.

In *Everyone Against Us*, former public defender Allen Goodman offers a harrowing, firsthand look at the dysfunction of the Cook County legal system. Reflecting on his years representing the indigent, Goodman describes a “stacked” environment where the state is often pitted against its own citizens, and where the promise of legal counsel frequently falls short of the reality. Goodman details a system defined by systemic racism, classism, and overworked attorneys, where the “bond system” acts as a form of blackmail, forcing defendants to accept unfair plea deals simply to escape the squalor of jail. Through anecdotal evidence, he highlights how police often manipulate narratives and evidence, while prosecutors use their immense power to prioritize convictions over justice. Beyond the technical legal failures, Goodman captures the profound emotional toll of his work—the devastation of courtroom losses, the frustration of witnessing hypocrisy, and the traumatic impact on his clients. Ultimately, the book serves as a sobering indictment of a "disposal" culture, revealing the thin, precarious line between incarceration and freedom for the most vulnerable in America.

Alaska’s oil industry is experiencing a significant "renaissance" following years of decline that once threatened the viability of the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). Driven by major geological discoveries—most notably the vast Nanushuk formation—and favorable federal policy shifts, the region is seeing a surge of renewed interest and investment from industry giants like ExxonMobil, Shell, and ConocoPhillips. The Trump administration has prioritized Alaska’s energy potential, easing drilling restrictions in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA) and streamlining permitting processes. Industry leaders view these regulatory changes and promising geological data as a long-term catalyst for development, with new projects like Pikka and Willow expected to sustain output for decades. However, this resurgence has reignited intense debate. Environmentalists and some local indigenous groups warn that a "gold rush" mentality threatens a critical, intact ecosystem and contradicts global climate goals. While supporters argue that new development provides essential economic stability and taps into reliable domestic energy sources, critics fear it deepens Alaska’s dependence on fossil fuels at the expense of wildlife and environmental preservation. Despite the opposition, legal and regulatory shifts are solidifying a trend toward aggressive expansion in the Arctic.

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Below are the servers with the new mitigation applied.  au-mel-wg-402 au-syd-wg-001 ca-mtr-wg-302 de-fra-wg-103 fi-hel-wg-201 fr-par-wg-101 ie-dub-wg-101 no-osl-wg-101 se-sto-wg-208 us-dal-wg-701 us-lax-wg-002 us-nyc-wg-601 us-slc-wg-303

California lawmakers are moving to amend the Digital Age Assurance Act (AB 1043) to exempt most open-source operating systems from controversial age-verification mandates. Under the original law, OS providers were required to implement age-check features during device setup—a requirement that sparked significant backlash from privacy advocates and the Linux community, who argued that decentralized, volunteer-run projects could not realistically comply. The proposed amendment, Assembly Bill 1856 (AB 1856), narrows the definition of an “operating system provider” to exclude software distributed under licenses that allow users to copy, redistribute, and modify the code. This effectively shields most mainstream Linux distributions, such as Debian, Ubuntu, and Fedora, from compliance requirements set to begin in 2027. While this exemption provides relief for open-source projects, the original law remains in effect for commercial platforms. Entities with proprietary app ecosystems—potentially including gaming-focused platforms like SteamOS—may still be required to verify user ages. The bill is currently progressing through the state legislature, signaling a compromise that balances California’s goal of online child safety with the practical limitations and philosophical independence of the open-source software ecosystem.

arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs.

As of May 2026, the tech industry is experiencing a seismic shift as companies aggressively cut headcount to prioritize AI-driven efficiency. While layoffs were previously dismissed as "post-COVID corrections," the reality is that AI is systematically replacing middle management and administrative roles, which are viewed as "coordination taxes" rather than essential innovation. Founder-led firms are currently spearheading these reductions, but widespread adoption is inevitable as competitive pressure forces all corporations to optimize their human-to-human complexity. This shift risks massive societal instability; the extreme wealth concentration among AI leaders and the displacement of white-collar workers threaten to trigger a fierce political backlash. By 2028, we should expect restrictive regulations, potential wealth taxes, and increased friction for the tech sector. The author argues that to avoid a chaotic transition, the new AI elite must proactively adopt a "Bismarckian" strategy—sharing gains through measures like Universal Basic Income (UBI) to ensure social stability. While the long-term potential of AGI could lead to a future of abundance, the next five years will be turbulent. Survival requires the tech industry to prioritize social legitimacy and worker dignity to prevent a populist revolt that could stifle progress.

This document serves as an extensive digital repository and index for the "Analogmuseum," providing a vast collection of historical documentation regarding analog and hybrid computers. It offers technical handbooks, schematics, brochures, research papers, and patents for a wide range of manufacturers, most notably Electronic Associates, Inc. (EAI), Dornier, Telefunken, and Hitachi. The repository includes: * **Technical Manuals & Schematics:** Detailed documentation for specific models like the Dornier DO80, EAI 580, and Telefunken RA series. * **Research & Application:** Numerous bulletins and papers on applying analog computing to fields such as control engineering, heat transfer, ship stabilization, and ballistics. * **Educational Materials:** Lecture notes, tutorials, and workshop documents that explain the fundamentals of analog and hybrid computing, including personal insights from experts like Bernd Ulmann. * **Specialized Content:** Documentation on homebrew projects (such as the PEAC computer), patent descriptions, and academic theses covering topics like time delay units and resolver designs. This archive is a comprehensive resource for historians, engineers, and enthusiasts interested in the evolution and technical implementation of analog computational systems throughout the 20th century.

RentFlow is a seed-stage fintech startup addressing a critical pain point for U.S. small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs): the misalignment between rigid, lump-sum monthly rent payments and uneven cash flow. By leveraging real-time, transaction-level data, RentFlow transforms fixed rent into a flexible, cash-flow-synced payment product. Since launching in May 2025, the company is growing at ~3x MoM and is currently scaling through strategic partnerships with major rent payment platforms and property players. RentFlow is seeking a foundational AI/ML Lead to own the company’s underwriting and cash-flow intelligence stack. In this high-impact role, you will design production-grade models that directly influence real-time financial decisions, utilize LLMs to derive actionable business insights, and shape the company's technical architecture. The ideal candidate has experience deploying ML systems in production, thrives in fast-paced, ambiguous environments, and is comfortable working with noisy financial data. This is a unique opportunity for an early hire to take significant ownership, work directly with founders, and help define a new category at the intersection of AI and commercial real estate finance.

Uber operations chief Andrew Macdonald has questioned the return on investment for the company’s heavy AI expenditure, noting a lack of clear correlation between high token consumption and the delivery of valuable consumer features. This sentiment follows a viral admission from Uber’s CTO, who revealed the company had already exhausted its 2026 AI budget. Macdonald expressed concern that increasing AI usage necessitates difficult trade-offs, such as slowing headcount growth. CEO Dara Khosrowshahi recently confirmed that Uber is curbing hiring to offset these rising AI costs. Uber is not alone in reassessing its strategy; other companies are pushing back against "tokenmaxxing." For example, Duolingo recently stopped tracking AI usage in performance reviews after employees raised concerns that it forced unnecessary adoption rather than prioritizing practical outcomes. Ultimately, Macdonald warns that while AI use cases can seem cost-free to individual employees, the company bears a significant financial burden that is becoming increasingly difficult to justify without concrete proof of productivity gains.

The author argues that "short" calls are highly disruptive, often costing hours of lost focus by breaking the flow of deep work. Rather than facilitating efficiency, these calls frequently serve as a crutch for those unwilling to invest the time to structure their thoughts into clear, written communication. Drawing inspiration from a pre-digital era where messages had to be precise because they could not be revised, the author advocates for an "async-first" approach. By replacing dailies, syncs, and Scrum meetings with written documentation and team chats, teams can achieve greater clarity and productivity. Having managed teams without any calls for years, the author notes that while it can be challenging to convince call-dependent founders to shift their culture, employees almost universally prefer the autonomy and focus that an async workflow provides. Ultimately, the author concludes that there is no task or professional challenge that cannot be effectively managed through text, eliminating the need for the constant interruptions of modern meeting culture.

Film critic A.S. Hamrah rose to prominence in the late 2000s, primarily through the *n+1* column "Oscar Preview." Eschewing traditional long-form analysis for a "knockabout" style of short, idiosyncratic capsule reviews, he positioned himself against a perceived decline in film culture, which he dates back to the 1990s. Drawing inspiration from the "quick-fire" assessments of Manny Farber, Hamrah’s work is marked by a combative, contrarian spirit. He consistently attacks the mainstream "consumer-guide" approach to criticism, viewing modern blockbusters and streaming culture through a lens of decline. While he is celebrated by many as a leading cinephile voice alongside peers like Richard Brody, his style often prioritizes temperament over coherence. Critics observe that Hamrah’s reliance on anger and "scattergun" disdain often leads to factual misrepresentations, straw-man arguments, and non-sequiturs. Though he is capable of insightful, appreciative writing—exemplified by his 2007 essay "Movie Stars in Bathtubs"—his overall body of work remains defined by a posture of defiance. Ultimately, Hamrah’s criticism functions less as a service to the reader and more as a portrait of a pugnacious, disillusioned temperament navigating a landscape he finds fundamentally hostile.

Over the last few decades, American childhood has undergone a radical transformation. Despite statistical evidence that the world is safer today than in the past, parental fear—fueled by sensationalized media and a culture of "safetyism"—has drastically curtailed children’s autonomy. Most children are now confined to their immediate vicinity, denied the unsupervised play and exploration that once served as vital rites of passage. This shift prioritizes the illusion of safety over the development of true security. By shielding children from every minor risk, discomfort, or conflict, parents are inadvertently fostering "learned helplessness" and contributing to a surge in youth anxiety and depression. True resilience, agency, and emotional regulation are built through manageable challenges—like navigating a neighborhood or resolving peer disputes—that require children to rely on their own judgment. Parenting, like coaching, should be a process of making oneself obsolete. By gradually lengthening the "leash" and allowing children to face age-appropriate risks, parents provide the essential "raw material" for kids to become self-reliant. We must resist the urge to intervene in every small problem, recognizing that the kindest path to long-term success is giving children the freedom to grow.

Gnutella is a decentralized, peer-to-peer file-sharing protocol that defined the early 2000s. Unlike modern tech, Gnutella wasn't built for speculation or profit; it was a functional, user-driven system that allowed millions to share files—primarily MP3s—without a central server. Born from a leaked internal AOL demo, its decentralized design made it nearly impossible to shut down. The network relied on a "gossip" protocol, where nodes exchanged peer lists and search queries across a mesh. While often misremembered as a failed project, Gnutella successfully scaled to millions of users for over a decade. Its decline was not due to technical failure, but a shift in the internet landscape. The rise of walled gardens, streaming services, and complex network firewalls made the "wild west" of direct peer-to-peer file transfer less accessible to casual users. However, Gnutella remains a marvel of engineering; it is still active today, sustained by a core of enthusiasts who value its resilience and architectural simplicity. By effectively solving the problem of decentralized search and transfer, Gnutella proved that a well-designed, open protocol can outlive the very era that created it.

We expose a REST API and webhooks for every inbound and outbound event, so you can wire conversations into your CRM, sales tools, voice agents, or internal data store with a few hours of work. We also ship native sync for the common cases (lead created, meeting booked, opt-out received). If you’d rather not build, we’ll handle the integration during onboarding.

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In his new encyclical, *Magnifica Humanitas*, Pope Leo XIV issued an urgent call for the global regulation of Artificial Intelligence. Warning against "new forms of dehumanization," the Pope cautioned that AI must not be controlled by a handful of powerful corporations or driven solely by the "idolatry of profit." Drawing a parallel to the biblical Tower of Babel, the Pope framed the current technological revolution as a moral crossroads. While the Vatican maintains that technology is not inherently evil, it is never neutral, reflecting the biases and intentions of its creators. Pope Leo’s presentation of the document was an unusual, high-profile event, held alongside Anthropic founder Christopher Olah. To ensure AI serves humanity rather than undermining it, the encyclical advocates for robust legal frameworks, independent oversight, and proactive political intervention to temper the speed of technological development. By urging leaders to resist monopolistic control and prioritize ethical considerations, Pope Leo aims to establish a benchmark for policymakers and citizens alike in the ongoing debate over AI’s role in society.

The Silicon Labs Si7021 temperature and humidity sensor, a staple in embedded hardware, was abruptly discontinued in January 2025 due to PFAS-related regulatory compliance issues regarding its Polybenzoxazole insulation. Because the manufacturer offered no direct replacement, this sudden phase-out disrupted countless established designs, forcing a re-evaluation of hardware and firmware architectures. This report utilizes the Si7021’s exit as a case study for mitigating supply chain instability. It introduces the "Differential Temporal Derivative Soft Sensing" (DTDSS) framework, an innovative approach that allows developers to maintain high-level measurement capabilities despite the loss of legacy components. By leveraging more accessible, low-cost alternatives—such as the Aosong AHT20—the DTDSS framework enables the continued estimation of complex environmental variables, including solar radiation and surface heat flux, even without specialized instrumentation like pyranometers. This methodology provides a vital roadmap for sustaining functional integrity when hardware lifecycles are prematurely truncated.

Dutch authorities have arrested Andrey Nesterenko and Youssef Zinad, the co-owners of hosting firms MIRhosting and WorkTitans, for allegedly violating EU sanctions. The pair are accused of facilitating Russian cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, and DDoS strikes by providing infrastructure to Stark Industries Solutions, an entity sanctioned for supporting Russian intelligence operations. Investigators from the Dutch financial crimes agency (FIOD) conducted raids in May 2025, seizing over 800 servers, phones, and laptops. The investigation stems from findings that the suspects moved Stark Industries’ assets to their own network, the[.]hosting, following previous sanctions against other providers. Reports indicate these networks were heavily utilized in pro-Russian cyberattacks targeting Danish government bodies during the November 2025 elections. While Nesterenko denies any intent to evade sanctions or support cybercrime, claiming his business operations were legitimate, Dutch authorities maintain that the infrastructure served as a critical staging ground for Russia’s "hybrid warfare." The seizures have resulted in the total loss of data for the[.]hosting’s customers, while the legal proceedings against Nesterenko and Zinad continue.

The 2026 HIPAA Security Rule, now finalized and enforceable, mandates the most significant cybersecurity shift for healthcare organizations in two decades. Moving beyond "addressable" status, the rule now requires strict, verifiable adherence to several key areas: * **Mandatory Controls:** Encryption for all ePHI (at rest and in transit), universal Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), and annual, comprehensive Security Risk Assessments (SRA) are now required. * **Operational Rigor:** Organizations must maintain a precise, real-time inventory of all technology assets and perform regular vulnerability scanning and penetration testing. * **Documentation:** Compliance requires proof of implementation, not just written policies. This includes mandatory annual verification of Business Associate Agreements (BAAs) and documented remediation logs for all identified risks. The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) is already citing these requirements in enforcement actions. With the compliance clock ticking, organizations—regardless of size—must move from "checkbox" compliance to a proactive security posture. Immediate priorities should include a gap analysis against these requirements, completion of an SRA, and the development of a documented, phased remediation plan to ensure operational resilience and regulatory compliance.

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Brazil’s entry into the digital age was famously "fashionably late," a nod to the Brazilian concept of *hora inglesa*—the tendency to arrive behind schedule. During the 1980s, Brazil’s path to connectivity was a fragmented puzzle involving academia, government regulators, and telecommunications monopolies like Embratel. Early efforts relied on self-contained networks like FidoNet and BITNET, which functioned as isolated islands requiring international gateways to "talk" to one another. Despite the inefficiency of routing local data through U.S. servers, these networks fostered a burgeoning community of researchers and hobbyists hungry for communication. The breakthrough came in 1991, when Demi Getschko and his team at FAPESP utilized a dedicated line to Fermilab to successfully ping the first TCP/IP packets in Brazil. While other institutions pursued different paths, FAPESP’s persistence eventually led to the breakdown of Embratel’s monopoly in 1995, officially opening the internet to the nation. Brazil’s story serves as a reminder that arriving "late" is not a failure; rather, it allows latecomers to skip obsolete technology and find unique ways to thrive in underserved niches, proving that the digital party is rarely a zero-sum game.

Reflecting on a decade of Android development, the author argues that the true essence of software engineering lies not in the final product, but in the human connection and community built along the way. From learning through shared online resources to collaborating at hackathons and mentoring colleagues, the author found profound growth in the struggles, trial-and-error, and collaborative trade-offs inherent in building software. The author views the rise of LLMs as a threat to this collaborative spirit. While AI can automate tasks and generate code, it bypasses the critical thinking and mentorship that define professional growth. By outsourcing problem-solving to a "black box," engineers risk losing the craft, resilience, and deep understanding that come from human-to-human interaction. For the author, software is an art form—a craft sustained by dedication and community. Because AI lacks the capacity for shared struggle, laughter, and genuine connection, the author chooses to reject a future defined solely by AI-assisted development. They conclude that if maintaining the humanity in software engineering means being "left behind" by the AI revolution, it is a trade-off they are more than willing to make.